Taniyama-Shimura 3: L-Series where it will be crucial in the definition of modularity.

For today, we assume our $latex {d}&fg=000000$-dimensional variety $latex {X/\mathbb{Q}}&fg=000000$ has the property that its middle etale cohomology is 2-dimensional. It won’t hurt if you want to just think that $latex {X}&fg=000000$ is an elliptic curve. We will first define the L-series via the Galois representation that we constructed last time. Fix $latex {p}&fg=000000$ a prime not equal to $latex {\ell}&fg=000000$ and of good reduction for $latex {X}&fg=000000$. Let $latex {M=\overline{\mathbb{Q}}^{\ker \rho_X}}&fg=000000$. By definition the representation factors through $latex {{Gal} (M/\mathbb{Q})}&fg=000000$. For $latex {\frak{p}}&fg=000000$ a prime lying over $latex {p}&fg=000000$ the decomposition group $latex {D_{\frak{p}}}&fg=000000$ surjects onto $latex {{Gal} (\overline{\mathbf{F}}_p/\mathbf{F}_p)}&fg=000000$ with kernel $latex {I_{\frak{p}}}&fg=000000$. One of the subtleties we’ll jump over to save time is that $latex {\rho_X}&fg=000000$ acts trivially on $latex {I_{\frak{p}}}&fg=000000$ (it follows from the good reduction assumption), so we can lift the generator of $latex {{Gal} (\overline{\mathbf{F}}_p/\mathbf{F}_p)}&fg=000000$ to get a conjugacy class $latex {{Frob}_p}&fg=000000$ whose image under…

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